Hepatitis is a medical condition
characterized by inflammation of the liver which often leads to other
complications such as jaundice, anorexia, liver failure and cirrhosis.
Hepatitis is generally of two types- acute when it lasts for less than six
months and chronic when it lasts for longer period. It can be caused by a group
of viruses called as hepatitis viruses which include groups A, B, C, D, and E.
The most observed types of this disease are hepatitis A, hepatitis B and
hepatitis C. Globally, 350 million people are chronically infected with any one
form of hepatitis and around 500,000 people die every year according to World
Health Organization.
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Hepatitis A is a simpler form of
which does not lead to chronic infections. Patients suffering from hepatitis A
recover within two months as this form is less complicated and can be prevented
with vaccination. Although hepatitis B can be prevented by vaccination, once
infected, a person can develop lifelong chronic infection resulting into severe
liver damage. More than 2 billion people of the global population are infected
with hepatitis B. Hepatitis C is most dangerous of among all the types of
hepatitis as 80% of the hepatitis C infected patients get chronically infected.
Around 150 million people are infected with hepatitis C worldwide and 350,000
people die every year. No vaccine is yet available for prevention of hepatitis
C.
Hepatitis A, B, C, D and E can be
diagnosed by combinations of various specific tests containing enzymes,
antibodies and antigens. These are: enzyme immunoassay (EIA), recombinant
immunoblot assay (RIBA), transcription-mediated amplification (TMA) and
polymerase chain reaction (PCR). The EIA technology is used for antibody as
well as antigen detection whereas the other technologies are used to test DNA
and RNA to check the presence of hepatitis viruses.
Hepatitis A and E are mainly caused
by consumption of contaminated food or water. Hepatitis B, C and D occur as a
result of contact with infected body fluids. Common modes of transmission and
infection for these viruses include receipt of infected blood or blood
products, invasive medical procedures using contaminated equipments. Hepatitis
B can be transmitted from mother to baby at the time of birth and by sexual
contact. Prevalence of hepatitis A, hepatitis B and hepatitis C in North
American countries is 33%, 5% and 1.5% respectively. Thus, North America has
registered the highest cases of hepatitis infections followed by Asia-Pacific
and then Europe.
Some of the key players involved in
the development of diagnostics for hepatitis are Siemens AG, MedMira Inc.,
Inovio Pharmaceuticals, Inc. and Abbott Laboratories.
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